Researchers Combine Biopolymers Derived From the Ocean to Replace Synthetic Plastic Films

Materials with enhanced structure derived from crustaceans and seaweed could be part of a next-generation answer to the challenge of replacing petroleum-based plastic films, according to new research from North Carolina State University.

Combining chitosan, a biopolymer that makes crab shells hard, with agarose, a biopolymer extracted from seaweed that is used to make gels, creates unique biopolymer composite films with enhanced strength. The films are also biodegradable, have antibacterial properties, repel water and are transparent. The findings could eventually lead to sustainable packaging films for food and consumer goods.

“How do we find sustainable replacements for synthetic polymers?” asked Orlin Velev, S. Frank and Doris Culberson Distinguished Professor of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering at NC State and corresponding author of a paper describing the research. “Synthetic polymers make very good films, but we want to replace them with natural biopolymers. The question becomes how do we adjust the joint structure of these natural polymers – in our case, agarose and chitosan – so we can have all the desirable properties of synthetic polymers inside a sustainable, biodegradable film?”

It may not be enough to simply mix chitosan and agarose together. Velev says previous efforts to produce such mixtures reported improvements in properties, but when dried created gritty films that may lack the right strength.

Instead, Velev and his collaborators took a different approach, reinforcing the agarose films with fibrillated colloidal scale material – called soft dendritic colloids – made from chitosan. The strong chitosan micro- and nanoscale fibrils are hierarchically branched to provide strength and stability to the agarose film where they are embedded.

“It is challenging to modify natural polymers chemically, but we can alter their morphology and use them as composites,” said Yosra Kotb, an NC State Ph.D. graduate and first author of the paper. “We use chitosan dendritic particles to reinforce the agarose matrix because of the compatibility of both materials leading to good mechanical properties; chitosan particles also have an opposite charge to agarose. When mixed, these charges are neutralized so the resulting materials also become more resistant to water.”

The biopolymer composites are about four times stronger than agarose films alone, the research shows, and also resist E.coli, a commonly studied bacterium. The paper also showed that a sheet made from biopolymer composite films greatly degraded after a month underground, while, for comparison, a common plastic sandwich baggie remained completely intact after the same period underground.

“Interestingly, our composite is initially strongly antibacterial,” Velev said, “but because it is made from natural materials, after some time bacteria will still colonize it – so after a month underground it will biodegrade readily.”

Velev added that his lab will continue working to make improvements in the structure of the biopolymer composite films with the goal of eventually matching the properties of synthetic polymer ones.

“If you package food, you want the package to be impermeable to oxygen and water,” he said. “But natural materials are permeable, so we will continue to work to make our films more impermeable to water and oxygen.”

Increasing the scalability of the material production process is also one of the future goals. “How do you make the polymer substitute film in a continuous process that is rapid enough to make it in large enough amounts – like papermaking?” Velev said.

The findings appear in Cell Reports Physical Science. NC State has filed a patent application on the new biopolymer composite films and the process for creating them. The research has been supported by the National Science Foundation under grant CMMI-2233399, and partially by EFMA-2029327, CMMI-1825476 and CMMI-2134664.

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Note to editors: The abstract of the paper follows.

“Hierarchically reinforced biopolymer composite films as multi-functional plastics substitute”

Authors: Yosra Kotb and Orlin D. Velev, North Carolina State University

Published: Dec. 11, 2023, in Cell Reports Physical Science

DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrp.2023.101732

Abstract: The replacement of synthetic plastics with biodegradable alternatives made from abundant and sustainable raw materials is a challenge of high societal importance. We report a class of high-performance multifunctional composite films made of nano- and microscale reinforced naturally sourced biopolymers. These films are made of an agarose matrix reinforced with hierarchically branched soft dendritic colloids (SDCs) from chitosan. Owing to the highly entangled hierarchical network of the SDC nanofibrils, the reinforced composite has excellent performance with more than 4× higher toughness than non-reinforced agarose, high visible light transmittance, improved hydrostability, and remarkable bactericidal activity. Thus, these reinforced biopolymer composites could match or exceed the excellent mechanical, barrier, and optical properties of common synthetic polymer films. We also demonstrate the soil biodegradability of this composite material in a controlled environment. The results suggest a universal strategy for manufacturing natural-source composite materials that could serve as substitutes for petroleum-based plastics.

This post was originally published in NC State News.